tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-81905602651195262242024-03-13T20:15:50.679-07:00Mike's North Hants nature watchWhat I'm up to in my studies of entomology and botany in North Hampshire, southern England. See my webpage at https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeys/Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.comBlogger59125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-63387830509582770042020-06-02T16:52:00.000-07:002020-06-02T17:00:45.961-07:00Making a start on the Lepidoptera<br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">Making
a start on the Lepidoptera</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Having
shunned the lepidoptera for the last few decades, I've decided to have a go at
moth identification from a standing start. To start with it would be to look at
what turns up attracted to light indoors at home.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
quickly became apparent that working from a standard key was not a good idea.
Very early on the published keys to family use characters of the wing veins
which are completely covered with scales in most moths. So armed with my copy
of Sterling & Parsons, Field Guide to the Micro Moths of Great Britain and
Ireland I start doing what I guess most people do – trawl through the
illustrations and make a short-list of what it could be and then read the text
to eliminate any species it can't be. What could be easier?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">So
the first moth to appear was a reasonably large one with its front wings 15 mm.
The labial palps were directed straight forward, so the head looked as if it
was extended as a snout. </span></div>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">A look through the "at
a glance guide" seemed to suggest Pyralidae or Crambidae. So onwards to the
colour plates and then the problem with picture comparison comes – a single
picture doesn't take variation, wings sitting differently, angle of lighting
and light intensity into account. Next make a list of all the species marked
common in the text assuming that anything that turns up in a suburban garden in
north Hampshire isn't likely to be rare. Then back to looking at a subset of
the pictures and it seems that <span style="color: red;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aphomia
sociella</i></b></span> matches best. My specimen shows definite greenish and pinkish
shades, which are not shown in the illustration. Onto image searching on the
internet and now you see the variation and behold one image looks very much
like my moth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The big difference is that
the wings are rolled around the abdomen rather than held flatter as in the
illustration. </span></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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for fun, I thought I'd have a look at the wing venation. Remove front and hind
wing from the right side of the moth. Place a drop of propanol on a microscope
slide and then place the wing in the alcohol. Using a soft hair paint brush
very gently stroke the wing surface towards the tip. Off come the scales (the
process is called denuding the wing) with many of them sticking to the brush so
wipe on tissue and add more alcohol. Once one side of the wing looks clear,
turn the wing over in more alcohol and repeat the process. Now the veins become
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Again
problems arise. Searching online shows that there have been two numbering
systems for moth wings. One appears to be specific to lepidoptera – numbering
the veins from 1-12 on the front wing, starting from the back of the wing. The
second is based on the Comstock-Needham system, dividing the wing into
different areas – costa, subcosta, radial, medial, cubital and anal. This I'm
familiar with and it is the system used in recent publications. Most of the
veins arise from the margin of an elongate area enclosed by veins in the middle
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
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<![endif]-->Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-50525552294784486302019-04-15T09:25:00.000-07:002019-04-15T09:25:09.217-07:00Acer platanoides. An example of family Sapindaceae<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
genus was formerly placed in its own family (Aceraceae) with genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dipteronia</i>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Recent research including molecular studies
suggests that a broadly definition of Sapindaceae is more logical than
separating Aceraceae.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Flora of China
separates Aceraceae as a separate family while Stace (2010) unites the families.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The name <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acer</i> is the classical Latin name for the
maple.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The species name <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">platanoides</i> refers to its similarity to
the plane tree (genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Platanus</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aFUC5jK6lSU/XLSvvVixKBI/AAAAAAAAAbc/N9tnuKgCG3cg5G_kyurTMj-SSDxH5tKyACEwYBhgL/s1600/Acer%2Bplatanoides%2Bflower%2Barrangement.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="362" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aFUC5jK6lSU/XLSvvVixKBI/AAAAAAAAAbc/N9tnuKgCG3cg5G_kyurTMj-SSDxH5tKyACEwYBhgL/s200/Acer%2Bplatanoides%2Bflower%2Barrangement.jpg" width="179" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The flowers arise from terminal
buds, appearing towards the end of March into April.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The flower stalk has short unfolding leaves
at its base.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The flowers are arranged in
panicles which form a rounded, upright cluster.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Each subsection of the panicle has the stalks at different lengths
meaning the flowers and buds are more or less level with one another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This means the inflorescence could be
described as a compound corymb.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
lower branches are opposite one another and have a narrow bract each side.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Subsequent branches have shorter to very
short bracts grading to none at all towards the end of each subsection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Each
panicle either contains male flowers or female+male flowers on the same
tree.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Male flowers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pjTNmiBq628/XLSvf3Jr6eI/AAAAAAAAAbg/nWIMIMTRQwI6fOSI5PII_a2JdCkryTKBQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Acer%2Bplatanoides%2B%2Bmale%2Bflower%2Btop%2Blabelled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="513" height="255" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pjTNmiBq628/XLSvf3Jr6eI/AAAAAAAAAbg/nWIMIMTRQwI6fOSI5PII_a2JdCkryTKBQCEwYBhgL/s320/Acer%2Bplatanoides%2B%2Bmale%2Bflower%2Btop%2Blabelled.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
flowers have a central swollen quoit-like disc and the stamens are attached in
the tissue of the disc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The sepals and
petals are attached under the disc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">There are five sepals
which alternate with five petals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
sepals are just about joined to one another at the base and arise from the conical
receptacle at the top of the flower stalk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They are tongue-shaped with wavy margins and with the tip weakly lobed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From above they can be seen to have several
more or less parallel veins.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A few
silvery hairs arise from the clefts between the sepals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5RTu1FcDQyY/XLSvg__wicI/AAAAAAAAAbo/t13SaovVrxIgWDFtSWbglX31FZXetESKACEwYBhgL/s1600/Acer%2Bplatanoides%2Bmale%2Bflower%2Bside%2Blabelled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="369" data-original-width="491" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5RTu1FcDQyY/XLSvg__wicI/AAAAAAAAAbo/t13SaovVrxIgWDFtSWbglX31FZXetESKACEwYBhgL/s320/Acer%2Bplatanoides%2Bmale%2Bflower%2Bside%2Blabelled.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The five
petals consist of an elongate oval section (the blade) and a stalk-like basal
section (the claw) which attaches it under the disc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From above the oval section is pinnately
veined.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">There are eight
stamens; the anthers are borne on long filaments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The filaments are attached to the back of the
anthers and they open to expose pollen towards the middle of the flower.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
centre of the disc is deeply hollowed and a white oval to quadrangular
structure is present at the bottom of the hollow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This probably represents the non-functional
stigma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When sectioned there are no
structures differentiated below this, within the receptacle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hermaphrodite flowers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zsU_2wR1Sf4/XLSvgQQcuuI/AAAAAAAAAbk/NmgPeE6GLtk_wPtac9nQUNCMrnfd6T6rgCEwYBhgL/s1600/Acer%2Bplatanoides%2B%2Bhermaphrodite%2Bflower%2Btop%2B02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1197" data-original-width="1600" height="239" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zsU_2wR1Sf4/XLSvgQQcuuI/AAAAAAAAAbk/NmgPeE6GLtk_wPtac9nQUNCMrnfd6T6rgCEwYBhgL/s320/Acer%2Bplatanoides%2B%2Bhermaphrodite%2Bflower%2Btop%2B02.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">These
flowers also have a central swollen quoit-like disc and the stamens are
attached in the tissue of the disc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
this case however, the stamens do not appear to be open and thus the flower is
probably functionally female. If broken open it will be found that they do
contain pollen – I’m uncertain if this is viable. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The sepals and petals are attached around the
edge of the disc just under it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The top
photograph shows the flower with a sepal and two of the petals removed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DL8wB71ZVmI/XLSvgEqopYI/AAAAAAAAAbg/tkbaVWSNOugnnQ5qKvR8ZfkljiPJeprXQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Acer%2Bplatanoides%2Bhermaphrodite%2Bflower%2Blateral%2Bside%2Bsepals%2Bremoved%2Blabelled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="565" height="220" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DL8wB71ZVmI/XLSvgEqopYI/AAAAAAAAAbg/tkbaVWSNOugnnQ5qKvR8ZfkljiPJeprXQCEwYBhgL/s320/Acer%2Bplatanoides%2Bhermaphrodite%2Bflower%2Blateral%2Bside%2Bsepals%2Bremoved%2Blabelled.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The arrangement and
shape of the sepals and petals are as in the male flowers, however there are no
hairs between the sepals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">There are
eight stamens; the yellow anthers are borne on short green filaments which
curve towards the middle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-T6EbnSv0pVw/XLSvgpaycVI/AAAAAAAAAbw/n7VuO9zphuAi2qxIzpK25MqCfyvcYmz6gCEwYBhgL/s1600/Acer%2Bplatanoides%2Bline%2Bdrawing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="410" height="241" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-T6EbnSv0pVw/XLSvgpaycVI/AAAAAAAAAbw/n7VuO9zphuAi2qxIzpK25MqCfyvcYmz6gCEwYBhgL/s320/Acer%2Bplatanoides%2Bline%2Bdrawing.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The female part of the
flower arises from the centre of the disc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The central part is swollen and bears two narrower triangular lobes, one
each side.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a single style which
divides into two stigmas which curve outwards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If the ovary is sectioned it will be found to contain two sections
(locules) separated by a central wall (septum).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Each locule contains two ovules one on top of the other each attached to
the septum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The male
flowers seem to appear a couple of weeks earlier and then fall leaving a few
hermaphrodite flowers on the same panicles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>By this time the leaves are much more open.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<br />Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-64938393151115531362019-02-15T16:26:00.000-08:002019-02-15T16:26:14.188-08:00Corylus avellana - a typical species of family Betulaceae<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The name
for each higher group in the classification of plants up to the order level is
derived from one of the genera it contains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This genus is termed the <span style="color: red;">type genus</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Corylus
</i>and a few related genera used to be classified in family Corylaceae but
have now been transferred to Betulaceae as subfamily Coryloideae.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Corylus avellana</i></b> (hazel) was first
named as such by Linnaeus in 1753.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Corylus </i>is the classical Latin name for the
hazel which has a distribution right across Europe and western Asia, except for
the far north and some islands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
English names for the species include hazel, hazelnut and avelline. The first
recorded use of the species name was by Pliny the Elder in his <i>Naturalis
Historia</i>, from Avella, a town in Italy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was later used by Leonhart Fuchs in his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">De historia stirpium commentarii insignes</i> (1542) in which he uses
the name <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Avellana nux sylvestris</i> (the wild nut of Avella).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The text
from Linnaeus (1753) is as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A6t2V-35gBw/XGdXw5c4-zI/AAAAAAAAAac/y_GISA3WAMwYsUsGcGlLR53QuV53j3-FgCLcBGAs/s1600/Corylus%2Boriginal%2Bdescription.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="607" data-original-width="985" height="197" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A6t2V-35gBw/XGdXw5c4-zI/AAAAAAAAAac/y_GISA3WAMwYsUsGcGlLR53QuV53j3-FgCLcBGAs/s320/Corylus%2Boriginal%2Bdescription.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-X0bUHXv62v4/XGdXJb_XXwI/AAAAAAAAAaQ/eSwK8swkcmglkebU1xbZ6D3B_CrQuosOwCEwYBhgL/s1600/Corylus%2Bavellana%2Bmale%2Bcatkin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-X0bUHXv62v4/XGdXJb_XXwI/AAAAAAAAAaQ/eSwK8swkcmglkebU1xbZ6D3B_CrQuosOwCEwYBhgL/s200/Corylus%2Bavellana%2Bmale%2Bcatkin.jpg" width="133" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">The </span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">male flowers</b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> of the hazel are a
conspicuous feature of the countryside from late December onwards.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">They are borne on long thin catkins; because
they bear male flowers only they are termed </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">staminate
catkins</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">These have a short stalk
and then a central rachis to which the individual flowers are attached spirally.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Each flower has a hooded pale creamy-green </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">bract</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> with the stamens underneath.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">The bract is pointed in the middle and is
fringed with short, pale, curly hairs.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">With magnification it can be seen that there are two further structures
under the bracts – these are the </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">bracteoles</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> and
they are attached to the outer half of the bracts; they are also fringed with
curly hairs.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">The stamens are attached to
the underside of the bract at about the same point as the bracteoles.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">The bracts taper to the rachis so it is
difficult to decide whether the whole catkin is a raceme (each flower with a
stalk) or a spike (each without a stalk).</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">There are six stamens in the upper part of the bract and two arising
from the narrowed part of the bract, nearer its point of attachment to the
rachis.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">The six upper stamens form three
pairs and one or more of these may have their filaments joined near the
base.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">In all the flowers inspected the
basal pair of stamens have their filaments joined.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The number of
flowers under each bracts as well as the number of <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bf27BekUL-E/XGdXEQd01QI/AAAAAAAAAaI/WCdQH7mWYBYEBMzEkSb4RSFtcdInwDJrACEwYBhgL/s1600/Corylus%2Bavellana%2Bfemale%2Bflower%2Bwhole.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bf27BekUL-E/XGdXEQd01QI/AAAAAAAAAaI/WCdQH7mWYBYEBMzEkSb4RSFtcdInwDJrACEwYBhgL/s200/Corylus%2Bavellana%2Bfemale%2Bflower%2Bwhole.jpg" width="133" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">female flowers</b> are inside a bud-like
structures which are further back on the branches than the male ones.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The bud scales towards the base are green and
fringed with pale hairs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The length of
the fringe hairs is longer on the scales further inside and these also have an
increasing amount of silvery hair on their outer surface.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the tip of the bud there are a number of
stigmas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Early on these are bright red
and then they fade to a purple-brown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On
the ones I inspected there were 18-20 stigmas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hayward (1987) in his New Key to Wild Flowers, page 138 wrongly states “the
female flowers look like tiny buds with 2 red styles”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l-eSUawq-HA/XGdXHfMjI9I/AAAAAAAAAaM/osOKJHMw-SgafGGqChurmPzU6byQzWf6wCEwYBhgL/s1600/Corylus%2Bavellana%2Bfemale%2Bflower%2Bcluster%2Bdissected%2Bout.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l-eSUawq-HA/XGdXHfMjI9I/AAAAAAAAAaM/osOKJHMw-SgafGGqChurmPzU6byQzWf6wCEwYBhgL/s200/Corylus%2Bavellana%2Bfemale%2Bflower%2Bcluster%2Bdissected%2Bout.jpg" width="133" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">If the outer scales are
removed, a central section is isolated, consisting of narrow hairy bracts and
the stigmas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If prised apart and
carefully examined the stigmas are in pairs and each bract has two pairs of
stigmas associated with it and a pair of smaller unequally-sized
bracteoles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is very difficult to see
this as the flowers are so closely associated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If the bracteoles have dried a bit, some can be seen as having an uneven
outline as two triangular lobes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the
base of the stigmas is a small ovary which is divided into two ovules.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each flower therefore has four stigmas (two
per ovule) and thus the whole structure contains five flowers (= 20 stigmas).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no clear distinction between stigma
and style.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The surface of the style is
minutely papillose (uneven with microscopic rounded bumps).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Flora of China (1999) volume 4 interprets
the structures as each ovule having a single style which is divided to the
base.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Flora
Europaea makes reference to a small irregularly-lobed perianth in addition to
the bracts and bracteoles as does Stace (2011) but I could see no further
structures apart from the silky hairs on top of the ovary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-30994035926421961932018-11-05T15:17:00.000-08:002018-11-05T15:17:57.319-08:00Capsella bursa-pastoris - an example of family Brassicaceae<br />
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><i><b><span style="font-size: large;">Capsella bursa-pastoris</span></b></i></span></h2>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EOFw0AsMiQs/W-DL_tmmKcI/AAAAAAAAAYI/x2_358FYjnUA3Z-IyfB_6wMKQiy4QaBMwCLcBGAs/s1600/Purse%2Bin%2BDutch%2Bart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="193" data-original-width="205" height="188" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EOFw0AsMiQs/W-DL_tmmKcI/AAAAAAAAAYI/x2_358FYjnUA3Z-IyfB_6wMKQiy4QaBMwCLcBGAs/s200/Purse%2Bin%2BDutch%2Bart.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CE5YyC8XxAk/W-DMaNth8nI/AAAAAAAAAYk/gElJ_lrQmdYTpBH4mJxK0DSKV5amWx3aACLcBGAs/s1600/Capsella%2Bbursa-pastoris%2Bfruit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CE5YyC8XxAk/W-DMaNth8nI/AAAAAAAAAYk/gElJ_lrQmdYTpBH4mJxK0DSKV5amWx3aACLcBGAs/s200/Capsella%2Bbursa-pastoris%2Bfruit.jpg" width="133" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">This
species is probably the second most common weed worldwide, after the chickweed
(</span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">Stellaria media</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">).</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">It originated in Eurasia and has been
introduced into the Americas, Australia and Africa as well as various islands
in the Atlantic and Pacific.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">It is
commonly known as the shepherd’s purse from the shape of the fruit.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">William Coles (1657) wrote “it is called
Shepheard purse or Scrip from the likeness the seed hath with that kind of
leathearne bag, wherein shepherds carry their victuals into the field”.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">This type of bag is depicted in paintings of
the time.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">An extract of such a painting
is shown here by Pieter Breugel showing a peasant woman with one hanging from
her belt (c. 1567).</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">When the ripe fruit
of the plant is pulled into its two halves the seeds spill out, rather like
coins from a bag.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The Latin name </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">bursa-pastoris </i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">also means shepherd’s (</span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">pastoris</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">) purse </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">(bursa</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">).</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The genus name </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">Capsella</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> is derived from the Latin </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">capsa</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, meaning a box or case, with the
suffix –</span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">ella</i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, meaning small.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">One reason why this species has been so successful is that
it can be found in flower in England every month of the year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A second reason is that the time from
germination to flowering is short.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
means if it germinates in cultivated land it can flower and fruit in between
hoeing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It has a single tap root with
fibrous roots extending from it, meaning that it can root into confined spaces
for example between paving slabs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
fruits contain about 12 seeds in each half, each one about a millimetre in length.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An average plant picked from a roadside in
early November had 35 developing fruits, giving the potential for over 800
seeds with further flowering occurring. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If
left to live longer, the plant forms a rosette of leaves around the base of the
stem but before this it produces upright stems with stem-leaves and
flowers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is as if it can’t wait to
produce seed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The stem leaves have small
extensions at the base which pass the stem – this means the leaves clasp the
stem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The extensions may be rounded (<span style="color: red;">auriculate</span>) or pointed (<span style="color: red;">sagittate</span>).
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The leaves are about four times longer
than wide with the sides more or less parallel – this would be described as
being <span style="color: red;">narrowly oblong</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tip is pointed (<span style="color: red;">acute</span>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The surface of the leaf has two types of
hairs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are narrow hairs which
extend at an angle to the surface and are made of two or three cells (<span style="color: red;">simple multicellular hairs</span>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition there are hairs that have 3-5
arms – these are called <span style="color: red;">stellate hairs</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The stems are also covered with these two
types of hair.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The leaves towards the
base of the stem are very variable and have the general appearance of dandelion
leaves. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The base of the leaves tapers,
becoming a very narrow strip alongside the central vein. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The leaves become increasingly more lobed
further down towards the base of the plant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The lobes are roughly triangular and may be opposite one another (as in
the right hand basal leaf) or alternate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This arrangement may be described as <span style="color: red;">pinnately
lobed</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The lobes may be angled
slightly towards the tip of the leaf, straight out or angled slightly towards
the base (<span style="color: red;">runcinate</span>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the lobes are ignored and one joins the
tip of one to the tip of the next one has traced the outline of the leaf.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The leaf outline is broadest at or beyond the
middle of the leaf.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The leaves are 4-5
times longer than wide meaning the leaves are approaching <span style="color: red;">narrowly oblanceolate</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>– obovate means broadest beyond half way; oblanceolate is upside-down
lance-shaped; three times longer than broad is oblanceolate and six times
longer than broad is narrowly oblanceolate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uGK_B3D2DDw/W-DMBN6vOxI/AAAAAAAAAYg/lZVOZdWKz64fJ1iY58khyF4_d4HXLT_sACEwYBhgL/s1600/Capsella%2Bbursa-pastoris%2Bleaves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1472" data-original-width="1600" height="294" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uGK_B3D2DDw/W-DMBN6vOxI/AAAAAAAAAYg/lZVOZdWKz64fJ1iY58khyF4_d4HXLT_sACEwYBhgL/s320/Capsella%2Bbursa-pastoris%2Bleaves.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FjCie30FTUI/W-DL_58jivI/AAAAAAAAAYc/6jrYWr6U8DkNlk03nmOpwYiKMCHtVBtEACEwYBhgL/s1600/flower%2Bdissection.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="349" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FjCie30FTUI/W-DL_58jivI/AAAAAAAAAYc/6jrYWr6U8DkNlk03nmOpwYiKMCHtVBtEACEwYBhgL/s640/flower%2Bdissection.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
flowers are small, 1.5-2 mm long and have four sepals, four petals, six stamens
and a flattened ovary, topped by a short stigma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They do not open widely and little is gained
from photographing them from above.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
sepals are separate from one another except at the very base.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are green to purplish and have a broad
whitish margin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their tips are concave
or hooded (<span style="color: red;">cucullate</span>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">If a sepal is removed the white petals can be seen to
consist of a broadly rounded apical section which tapers quickly to a narrow
base.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If the
petals and sepals are removed the stamens can be seen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are six of these with one on each side
of the narrow edge of the ovary and two closer together on the mid-line of the
ovary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two single ones are shorter
than the paired stamens. The filaments are white and are fixed to the middle of
the anther (<span style="color: red;">medifixed</span>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The anthers face and open inwards (<span style="color: red;">introrse</span>) and this suggests self-pollination as they
are virtually touching the stigma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If two of the stamens are removed the surface of the ovary
can be seen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a seam running
from the stigma to the base across the broad side of the ovary, indicating
division into two locules.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The style is
short and green with a small stigma on top which is covered with pollen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At this stage the ovary is not as
heart-shaped as the fruit but has some indication of this appearing to have
“shoulders” each side of the style.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-v2WHvIXVGRU/W-DN-5QQxuI/AAAAAAAAAY0/0TcufiLdANoq9WUxW7iiKlizQeTjz1UJgCLcBGAs/s1600/Capsella%2Bbursa%2Bpastoris%2Bdeveloping%2Bfruit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1298" data-original-width="442" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-v2WHvIXVGRU/W-DN-5QQxuI/AAAAAAAAAY0/0TcufiLdANoq9WUxW7iiKlizQeTjz1UJgCLcBGAs/s320/Capsella%2Bbursa%2Bpastoris%2Bdeveloping%2Bfruit.jpg" width="108" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If the
young fruit is sectioned it can be seen to be formed of two halves (<span style="color: red;">valves</span>) separated by a narrow whitish wall (<span style="color: red;">septum</span>) which is concertinaed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the fruit is mature the two valves of
the fruit fall away sideways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each seed
is attached by a stalk (the <span style="color: red;">placenta</span>) to the point
where the septum is attached to the ovary wall so there are two rows of seeds
in each half on each side of the septum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The surface of the seeds has a very fine net-like surface
sculpture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The placentas of the seeds
towards the tip are straight and those on those towards the base are curved so
the seeds are held alongside the septum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The style and stigma remain attached to the end of the septum after the
valves fall away.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Diagrammatic
cross section through the fruit</span></u></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<u><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-k8G8j9xnxvw/W-DORTEsBHI/AAAAAAAAAY8/SWBZhN_jdlcbJ1Sp2mzsJLK4RlmvJMQFQCLcBGAs/s1600/Capsella%2Bdiagrammatic%2Bsection%2Bthrough%2Bfruit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="99" data-original-width="440" height="71" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-k8G8j9xnxvw/W-DORTEsBHI/AAAAAAAAAY8/SWBZhN_jdlcbJ1Sp2mzsJLK4RlmvJMQFQCLcBGAs/s320/Capsella%2Bdiagrammatic%2Bsection%2Bthrough%2Bfruit.jpg" width="320" /></a></u></div>
<u><o:p></o:p></u><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">green</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
= septum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">blue</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
= placenta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">red</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">
= seed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">black
= fruit wall<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
species is a member of family Brassicaceae (formerly known as Cruciferae).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is based on genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brassica</i> which is the cabbage genus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this family there are two types of fruits
produced.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shepherd’s Purse produces
short and broad fruits which are known as <span style="color: red;">silicles</span>
or <span style="color: red;">silicules </span>(length less than twice the
width).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Others, including cabbage have
fruits over three times longer than wide; these are called siliquae or
siliques.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
floral formula would be:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xLRszCbRbJ4/W-DOfewO08I/AAAAAAAAAZA/UliFuGRZU2gsUquLmz-2f25uCSvpfzr_QCLcBGAs/s1600/Capsella%2Bfloral%2Bformula.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="76" data-original-width="294" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xLRszCbRbJ4/W-DOfewO08I/AAAAAAAAAZA/UliFuGRZU2gsUquLmz-2f25uCSvpfzr_QCLcBGAs/s1600/Capsella%2Bfloral%2Bformula.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">This indicates
that the flower has both male and female structures, four separate sepals (calyx)
and petals (corolla), six anthers and an ovary with two locules all attached to
the receptacle.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<br />Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-49279718025980247972017-04-12T15:33:00.000-07:002018-10-04T12:45:03.117-07:00Salix caprea (the goat willow) Introducing the willow family (Salicaceae)<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6BvT4jlipik/WO6opuRaqaI/AAAAAAAAATk/11S1q3vH85EkzIYJJIpg-PSvHplzyj_9wCLcB/s1600/Blog%2BSalix%2Bcaprea%2Bfrom%2BBocks%2Bherbal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6BvT4jlipik/WO6opuRaqaI/AAAAAAAAATk/11S1q3vH85EkzIYJJIpg-PSvHplzyj_9wCLcB/s200/Blog%2BSalix%2Bcaprea%2Bfrom%2BBocks%2Bherbal.jpg" width="114" /></a><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter">
<v:formulas>
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<v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f">
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</o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></span></v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_s1030" style="height: 196.2pt; margin-left: 338.05pt; margin-top: .25pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: margin; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 103.85pt; z-index: 251658240;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Mike\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<w:wrap type="square">
</w:wrap></span></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In a previous entry I described dog’s mercury which is a <span style="color: red;">dioecious</span> plant.
The willows are the same with the trees being either male (bearing the
“pussy willow” catkins) or female. These
are a conspicuous feature of the English countryside in spring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The genus name <i>Salix</i>
is the old Latin name for willow; the species name <i>caprea</i> is the Latin for goat, its foliage browsed by them on the
Continent. The earliest reference to
this is in the herbal by Hieronymus Bock which shows the species being eaten by a goat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DlqGHeYAn6I/WO6oqQVDpWI/AAAAAAAAAT0/HTQYg0gSUgkRvjjSUEEvvP_Vyr70toTcwCEw/s1600/Blog%2BSalix%2Bcaprea%2Bleaves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="279" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DlqGHeYAn6I/WO6oqQVDpWI/AAAAAAAAAT0/HTQYg0gSUgkRvjjSUEEvvP_Vyr70toTcwCEw/s320/Blog%2BSalix%2Bcaprea%2Bleaves.jpg" width="320" /></a><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_s1029" style="height: 153.85pt; margin-left: 272.45pt; margin-top: 6.4pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: margin; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 175.7pt; z-index: 251659264;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Mike\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<w:wrap type="square">
</w:wrap></span></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The leaves taper to the base and the tip and may be broadest at half
their length (middle photo - such leaves are described as the <span style="color: red;">elliptic
series</span>) or broader beyond half way (left photo - the <span style="color: red;">obovate
series</span>). The ratio of length to
breadth is about 2:1 in the obovate leaf illustrated and this means the leaf is
described as <span style="color: red;">narrowly obovate</span>. The elliptic leaf is between the descriptors
for elliptic (ratio 2:1) and narrowly elliptic (ratio 3:1). The margin of the leaf is crisped so it won’t
lie flat. The base of the leaf tapers
onto the petiole and this is called <span style="color: red;">cuneate </span>(wedge-shaped). The underside is more grey-green due to a dense
covering of curly hairs. Each of the
veins curves round at its tip to meet the next vein forward as shown on the right hand photo. This arrangement is termed <span style="color: red;">brochidodromous</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mwV8XKUAzdg/WO6oqQqpigI/AAAAAAAAATw/j_CM-2pyiQc_17l1XXwWY2p3FXbch-HDACEw/s1600/Blog%2BSalix%2Bcaprea%2Binflorescences.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mwV8XKUAzdg/WO6oqQqpigI/AAAAAAAAATw/j_CM-2pyiQc_17l1XXwWY2p3FXbch-HDACEw/s320/Blog%2BSalix%2Bcaprea%2Binflorescences.jpg" width="320" /></a><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_s1028" style="height: 134.45pt; margin-left: 201.95pt; margin-top: 5.85pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 246.15pt; z-index: 251660288;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Mike\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<w:wrap type="square">
</w:wrap></span></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The male and female flowers are on separate trees. The flowers are very densely arranged in
elongate <span style="color: red;">inflorescences</span>. The male inflorescences
have a fluffier appearance and the female inflorescences are narrower. The individual flowers do not have stalks and
are attached very closely together on a central axis (<span style="color: red;">rachis</span>).
This arrangement is called a <span style="color: red;">spike</span>. The flowers are also very simple. This type of inflorescence is called a <span style="color: red;">catkin</span> (i.e. a dense spike of simplified flowers).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GvmHfK2r35A/WO6oqeE1djI/AAAAAAAAAT4/Sz6J2YQC3E4_-yS-LbrUo07-Br_tG4G_ACEw/s1600/Blog%2BSalix%2Bcaprea%2Bmale%2Bflowers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="290" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GvmHfK2r35A/WO6oqeE1djI/AAAAAAAAAT4/Sz6J2YQC3E4_-yS-LbrUo07-Br_tG4G_ACEw/s320/Blog%2BSalix%2Bcaprea%2Bmale%2Bflowers.jpg" title="" width="320" /></a></div>
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<v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_s1027" style="height: 175.05pt; margin-left: 256.55pt; margin-top: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: margin; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 192pt; z-index: 251661312;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\Mike\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<w:wrap type="square">
</w:wrap></span></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The <b>male flowers</b> consist of two stamens comprising a long filament
and small yellow anther. These give the
catkins their fluffy appearance. At the
base of the stamens is a bract which is white towards the base and brown at the
tip. The bract is covered with long
white downy hair. The photo on the left
shows the flower taken as it were from the axis. At the base is a small golden yellow tube
which is a nectary. Although the pollen
is said to be wind-dispersed in all the literature I've consulted, the presence of a nectary would suggest that insects
are also involved in pollen transfer.
The flowers of willows do attract a number of species of flies
(Diptera).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0v2KI5yxosY/WO6opgpAYjI/AAAAAAAAAT8/rmEefbZfFFko1koE6VOC1j5lKB0u54L_gCEw/s1600/Blog%2BSalix%2Bcaprea%2Bfemale%2Bflowers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0v2KI5yxosY/WO6opgpAYjI/AAAAAAAAAT8/rmEefbZfFFko1koE6VOC1j5lKB0u54L_gCEw/s320/Blog%2BSalix%2Bcaprea%2Bfemale%2Bflowers.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The <b>female flowers</b> are similarly simple. They too have a hairy bract at the base and a
small nectary on the inside surface. The
ovary is has a short stalk (i.e. the ovary is <span style="color: red;">stipitate</span>). It is hairy and asymmetrical at the base and contains two
cavities, each containing several ovules.
At the tip of the ovary are four stigmas which are shriveled and brown
in the photos. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The floral formula is <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Q2m8YSate7o/WO6opuTBBKI/AAAAAAAAAT8/rVX4-GAEHO04QoBm3wPy5FIYIYTTuckbwCEw/s1600/Blog%2BSalix%2Bcaprea%2Bfloral%2Bformula.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="98" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Q2m8YSate7o/WO6opuTBBKI/AAAAAAAAAT8/rVX4-GAEHO04QoBm3wPy5FIYIYTTuckbwCEw/s200/Blog%2BSalix%2Bcaprea%2Bfloral%2Bformula.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This shows that the sexes are separate. There is a single bract and the calyx and
corolla are absent. The male flowers
have two anthers and the female flowers two carpels which are fused together
into a single ovary. The ovary is superior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-68155389840932401202017-04-03T14:57:00.001-07:002018-11-05T14:49:40.784-08:00Viola odorata - in introduction to family Violaceae<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-19xPWhL_dnQ/WOLDNOAkZRI/AAAAAAAAATE/y6RExLZjFZoB5jdhGFA0V6idortMwvS9ACLcB/s1600/Viola%2Bodorata%2Boverview.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-19xPWhL_dnQ/WOLDNOAkZRI/AAAAAAAAATE/y6RExLZjFZoB5jdhGFA0V6idortMwvS9ACLcB/s320/Viola%2Bodorata%2Boverview.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The genus name <i>Viola</i> is derived from the Greek word
ion, meaning purple, which became the Latin <i>viola</i>. The species name <i>odorata </i>refers to the fact that this species is fragrant. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The leaves all arise from the top of the root (in a <span style="color: red;">basal whorl</span>), along with a cluster of bracts (<span style="color: red;">stipules</span>). The
stipules are mostly transparent with a few green patches. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kcfoQeagJBg/WOLEaK9KwEI/AAAAAAAAATM/94pETm3YIrQdN9mcxVUgF7vGd_tQEjnpQCLcB/s1600/Viola%2Bodorata%2Bstipule.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kcfoQeagJBg/WOLEaK9KwEI/AAAAAAAAATM/94pETm3YIrQdN9mcxVUgF7vGd_tQEjnpQCLcB/s200/Viola%2Bodorata%2Bstipule.jpg" width="80" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The sides of the
stipules have some teeth along one side which have got a round swelling a</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">t the
tip - this is a gland and thus they are termed </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">gland-tipped
teeth</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">. The stipules taper into a
narrow point (= </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">acuminate</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">) and the tip is curved
to the side (= </span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">falcate</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">).</span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cq1yMvhGTJE/WOLEaa2V16I/AAAAAAAAATQ/pcCxiniaqzMTToVr6aVKa3YprAUi79zHQCLcB/s1600/Viola%2Bodorata%2Bleaf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cq1yMvhGTJE/WOLEaa2V16I/AAAAAAAAATQ/pcCxiniaqzMTToVr6aVKa3YprAUi79zHQCLcB/s320/Viola%2Bodorata%2Bleaf.jpg" width="206" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The leaves are
described as <span style="color: red;">broadly ovate </span>(this has a
mathematical definition - the length divided by the width is about 1.2). The base of the leaf is notched (= <span style="color: red;">cordate</span>) and the tip is bluntly pointed (= <span style="color: red;">obtuse</span>). The
margin of the leaf is roundly toothed (= crenate). There are several main veins that start at
the end of the leaf stalk; these curve towards the tip of the leaf and then
repeatedly divide (= <span style="color: red;">actinodromous-reticulate venation</span>). The upper and lower surfaces are sparsely
covered with short transparent bristle-like hairs which are denser on the veins
and on the margin and become denser towards the base. The leaf stalk (petiole) is quite densely
bristly hairy, concave on the top surface. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9gvermMKuq0/WOLDMT7VM5I/AAAAAAAAAS4/gB8QJK99uzEj_r6L0HLhoEXTpl2Q_1wEgCEw/s1600/Viola%2Bodorata%2Bflower%2Blateral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="269" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9gvermMKuq0/WOLDMT7VM5I/AAAAAAAAAS4/gB8QJK99uzEj_r6L0HLhoEXTpl2Q_1wEgCEw/s320/Viola%2Bodorata%2Bflower%2Blateral.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The flowers are borne on long stalks (<span style="color: red;">pedicels</span>) which have two small pointed bracts part way
along. The pedicels are bristly
hairy. There are <span style="color: red;">five sepals</span> which are dark green with a narrow transparent
edge. They are attached just below the
ovary and extend back as a rounded lobe from this point of attachment. They are similar in size and are more or less
free from one another. The five petals
are rather different in shape from one another.
If this is the case the flower is said to be <span style="color: red;">zygomorphic</span>. The lower petal is extended backwards forming
a rounded purple swelling (<span style="color: red;">spur</span>). There are two side petals and </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">then the two upper
petals are curved around backwards. The
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IAqEE9bfVfM/WOLDLxsgsRI/AAAAAAAAASw/lrhNxz1DbVs4h4laQhPZDKhHNr5YsV98QCEw/s1600/Viola%2Bodorata%2Bflower%2Bfront%2Bon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IAqEE9bfVfM/WOLDLxsgsRI/AAAAAAAAASw/lrhNxz1DbVs4h4laQhPZDKhHNr5YsV98QCEw/s320/Viola%2Bodorata%2Bflower%2Bfront%2Bon.jpg" width="214" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">petals are all free from one another at the base. In the centre of the flower by eye there
appears to an orange triangular projection.
With a lens this can be seen as five anthers which are all closely
attached and point to the centre (they are said to be <span style="color: red;">connivent</span>). The stigma can be seen in the centre of the
anthers and it is hooked. There are
several varieties of <i>Viola odorata</i>
that occur in Britain. This variety is <i>dumetorum</i> characterised by the
violet-purple spur, white petals with the side petals with a cluster of hairs
at the base next to the stamens (probably visible on this photograph).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QBRb4qUmjAU/WOLDMYRvJvI/AAAAAAAAAS8/Z2if_BzDsB8M6dD7m1ZTDrs-BxR6MeDjwCEw/s1600/Viola%2Bodorata%2Bflower%2Blower%2Bstamen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QBRb4qUmjAU/WOLDMYRvJvI/AAAAAAAAAS8/Z2if_BzDsB8M6dD7m1ZTDrs-BxR6MeDjwCEw/s200/Viola%2Bodorata%2Bflower%2Blower%2Bstamen.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If the petals are
removed it is found that three of the stamens are on very short stalks while
the other two have a large green appendage which points back into the spur of
the lower petal. This appendage contains
nectar. The anthers split open towards the
centre of the flower and this means they are <span style="color: red;">introrse</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OWQLfuL8ucU/WOLDMPUZcrI/AAAAAAAAAS0/J1GRltf0AHMNbOyIu9HHbRz_tRwlLNLUQCEw/s1600/Viola%2Bodorata%2Bflower%2Bgynoecium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OWQLfuL8ucU/WOLDMPUZcrI/AAAAAAAAAS0/J1GRltf0AHMNbOyIu9HHbRz_tRwlLNLUQCEw/s320/Viola%2Bodorata%2Bflower%2Bgynoecium.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If all the stamens
are removed along with the petals and most of the sepals, the ovary can be
seen. This has three green ridges which
are hairy with purple lower areas in between. The style is narrow at its point of contact
with the ovary. It then broadens and
ends with the hooked stigma. If the
ovary is sectioned it will be found to contain a single hollow containing many
ovules. There are ridges on the inner
surface which match the hairy ridges on the outside. The ovules are attached to these ridges. The ridges on the inside are called <span style="color: red;">placentas</span>. The
term given to this arrangement where the ovules are attached to the outer wall
of the ovary is <span style="color: red;">parietal placentation</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RiQgSbSccKc/WOLDL2ADIbI/AAAAAAAAASs/O795gjsncJcTAtqQ3zEPuIxLkSnd_d8igCEw/s1600/Viola%2Bodorata%2Bfloral%2Bformula.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="96" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RiQgSbSccKc/WOLDL2ADIbI/AAAAAAAAASs/O795gjsncJcTAtqQ3zEPuIxLkSnd_d8igCEw/s320/Viola%2Bodorata%2Bfloral%2Bformula.jpg" width="320" /></a><o:p><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The floral formula
indicates that the calyx is formed of five sepals (Ca), five petals form the
corolla (Co) and these are dissimilar (Z for zygomorphic), five anthers and a superior gynoecium with three placentas (superior denoted by the underlining).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-32054562397782832352017-03-27T15:18:00.000-07:002017-03-28T06:34:59.147-07:00Mercurialis perennis - Dog’s Mercury, introducing Euphorbiaceae (the spurge family)<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Euphorbiaceae (the spurge family) contains the large genus <i>Euphorbia</i> which includes <i>Euphorbia pulcherrima </i>(poinsettia), <i>Euphorbia characias</i> (widely grown in
parks) and other spurges. These all
produce a milky liquid when a leaf is broken off. In addition to these there are a large group
of other genera which are completely different.
In Britain these include the two species of <i>Mercurialis</i> and the castor oil plant (<i>Ricinus communis</i>). Four
further genera occur in the rest of Europe and the diversity increases further south
- in tropical Africa there are over fifty.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The common features are <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">the flowers are either male or female</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">female flowers have two to three locules with one
ovule in each and with two to three stigmas</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">stigmas branched or with a lumpy surface</span></span></li>
</ul>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZsAvchDnQ7Y/WNmOvygCYlI/AAAAAAAAASE/9yD6ejhCjsYGlA9UOY2pr4foDa303L5NQCLcB/s1600/Male%2Bflower%2Boverview.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZsAvchDnQ7Y/WNmOvygCYlI/AAAAAAAAASE/9yD6ejhCjsYGlA9UOY2pr4foDa303L5NQCLcB/s320/Male%2Bflower%2Boverview.jpg" width="215" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dog’s mercury forms
carpets on the chalk woodlands of central southern and south east England. The plants are either male or female. In late March and early April it is the male
plants that are conspicuous with their yellowish stamens. They form extensive patches spreading by
underground stems (rhizomes). You have
to search carefully for clumps of female plants which have their flowers the
same colour as the leaves; their leaves are very subtly different from those of
the males. Under a lens however, these flowers
are very distinctive. Later in the year
it is the female plants that are obvious with their developing green fruits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The genus name comes from the Latin <i>Mercurius</i>, the Roman mythological deity, and -<i>alis</i>, belonging to. One interpretation
has been that the plant was discovered by him.
The species name <i>perennis</i>
refers to the fact that it is perennial (lives for many years). The common name was given in the Middle Ages
as the plant was considered good for nothing as far as medical use was
concerned, being fit only therefore for dogs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The arrangement where male and female flowers occur on
different plants is called <span style="color: red;">dioecious</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XZ7C2o-Kvno/WNmOwYi3cnI/AAAAAAAAASU/KTliDhulqnQpo60M3rcpgm4UKjMaT7bBwCEw/s1600/Mercurialis%2Bperennis%2Bleaf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XZ7C2o-Kvno/WNmOwYi3cnI/AAAAAAAAASU/KTliDhulqnQpo60M3rcpgm4UKjMaT7bBwCEw/s200/Mercurialis%2Bperennis%2Bleaf.jpg" width="107" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The leaves have short
stalks (<span style="color: red;">shortly petiolate</span>) with a narrowly
triangular stipule each side at the base.
The leaves are elliptic, crenate (with rounded teeth), with the tip
bluntly acute and the base tapering to the petiole (<span style="color: red;">cuneate</span>). The secondary veins curve towards the tip of
the leaf and then repeatedly divide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PVOh-lGD2JU/WNmOwiCt8gI/AAAAAAAAASY/oRVVyZqxTh46gsLn6d5lX2BV9M4B10q5gCEw/s1600/Mercurialis%2Bperennis%2Bmale%2Binflorescence%2Bdiagrammatic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PVOh-lGD2JU/WNmOwiCt8gI/AAAAAAAAASY/oRVVyZqxTh46gsLn6d5lX2BV9M4B10q5gCEw/s200/Mercurialis%2Bperennis%2Bmale%2Binflorescence%2Bdiagrammatic.jpg" width="114" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The male flowers are
called </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">staminate flowers </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">because they just bear
fertile stamens and no functional female parts.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">They are attached to long stalks that arise from between the petiole and
the stem (</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">leaf axil</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">).</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The bottom one is sometimes single and the
upper ones are paired.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The flowers are
arranged in tight clusters of 3-4 flowers with gaps in between the
clusters.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">These clusters have the
central flower opening first and the other two or three opening afterwards -
such an arrangement is termed a </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">cyme</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">An inflorescence with cymes separated by gaps
is called a </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">thyrse</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The flowers do not have stalks (pedicels) and
so the whole inflorescence is described as opposite pairs of </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">spike-like thyrses</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Each cyme has a small green bract.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Jsi_WucSDz4/WNmOwgDO1cI/AAAAAAAAASc/P053mqNpzts0wcz7cUW7gqTVNto45ti8QCEw/s1600/Mercurialis%2Bperennis%2Bmale%2Bflowers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Jsi_WucSDz4/WNmOwgDO1cI/AAAAAAAAASc/P053mqNpzts0wcz7cUW7gqTVNto45ti8QCEw/s320/Mercurialis%2Bperennis%2Bmale%2Bflowers.jpg" width="206" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The male flowers have
three green perianth segments, joined at the base. The number of stamens is variable, between 8
and 10. The filaments all arise from the
same point in the centre of the fused perianth segments. There appear to be two anthers side-by-side at
the tip of each filament; they are rounded with a rim before dehiscence. The pollen is probably carried by wind.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-m8fkY_kByIQ/WNmOwOLKcdI/AAAAAAAAASI/uBYmP-iDY0EH3qmZlPAYaKSwzRie-Z37wCEw/s1600/Mercurialis%2Bperennis%2Bfemale%2Bflowers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-m8fkY_kByIQ/WNmOwOLKcdI/AAAAAAAAASI/uBYmP-iDY0EH3qmZlPAYaKSwzRie-Z37wCEw/s200/Mercurialis%2Bperennis%2Bfemale%2Bflowers.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The female flowers
are called <span style="color: red;">pistillate flowers</span>. They are also borne on shoots arising from
the leaf axils. They are much fewer in
number, two or three. The bottom flower
has a bract. The flowers have clear
stalks (pedicels). There are three green,
triangular, perianth segments which are separate to the base. These are topped by the ovary which is made
of two globular sections (locules) side by side. If they are sectioned using a blade each is found
to contain a single ovule. The ovary is
covered with bristly hairs. There are
two narrow structures, one each side which are non-functional stamens (<span style="color: red;">staminodes</span>). There
is a stigma on top of each locule which is green on the back and white on the
front. The white surface is covered with
rounded projections (<span style="color: red;">papillae</span>). These increase the surface area of the
stigmas and are adhesive, to trap the wind-borne pollen. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-16NMIihoEss/WNmOwEMGgGI/AAAAAAAAASg/8hQT6AOMe_YQMtN43wFTUh9l-vvdpI_ywCEw/s1600/Mercurialis%2Bperennis%2Bfemale%2Bflowers%2B02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-16NMIihoEss/WNmOwEMGgGI/AAAAAAAAASg/8hQT6AOMe_YQMtN43wFTUh9l-vvdpI_ywCEw/s320/Mercurialis%2Bperennis%2Bfemale%2Bflowers%2B02.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After flowering the pedicels elongate raising the enlarged
ovaries (fruits) above the upper leaves.
The bristles also enlarge so that they catch on passing animals for
dispersal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Floral formula<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uhOYsc4I7nQ/WNmOwdGkJRI/AAAAAAAAASg/aJ94oxdXoHoVNguZ7Ff8NWJqX2TkZIFrwCEw/s1600/Mercurialis%2Bperennis%2Bfloral%2Bformula.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="70" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uhOYsc4I7nQ/WNmOwdGkJRI/AAAAAAAAASg/aJ94oxdXoHoVNguZ7Ff8NWJqX2TkZIFrwCEw/s320/Mercurialis%2Bperennis%2Bfloral%2Bformula.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sexes separate.
Pistillate flowers with three perianth segments and a superior gynoecium
of two united carpels. Staminate flowers
with three perianth segments and a variable number of anthers.</span></div>
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<o:p></o:p><br /></div>
Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-46815942445115414892017-03-25T16:10:00.000-07:002017-03-25T16:10:27.669-07:00Buxus sempervirens introducing Buxaceae (the box family)<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Buxus sempervirens</i></b> is a rare native plant in southern England
growing in scrub and woodland on chalk. It
is a shrub or small tree. However it has
been very widely planted throughout Britain being useful as a short hedge and it
responds very well to topiary. It is in
flower in the spring. The genus name <i>Buxus</i> is of Classical origin. The species name <i>sempervirens </i>is a combination of the Latin <i>semper </i>= always and <i>virens</i>
= flourishing, referring to the perennial nature of the plant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qudlm2ROujk/WNb3nsAFEcI/AAAAAAAAAR0/HFlTJqByaekdxmAEbfYd1Ci5J6JuP6nuACLcB/s1600/Buxus%2Bsempervirens%2Boverview.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qudlm2ROujk/WNb3nsAFEcI/AAAAAAAAAR0/HFlTJqByaekdxmAEbfYd1Ci5J6JuP6nuACLcB/s320/Buxus%2Bsempervirens%2Boverview.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The leaves are small
and are much darker in colour on the upper and lower surfaces. Leaves are narrowly to broadly elliptic, with
a cuneate base and an obtuse or emarginate tip.
The margins are evenly rounded = <span style="color: red;">entire</span>. The midrib is the only vein visible from
above and stands slightly proud from the surface. The same is true for the lower surface where
the midrib shows up paler and under a lens it is marked by tiny white elongated
dots. The flowers are produced in the
spring. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There are three main sexual arrangements for flowers:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a) Flowers
have both male and female parts and both these are functioning, the male parts
producing viable pollen and the female parts ovules which can develop into
seeds. This condition is called <span style="color: red;">hermaphrodite</span>.
That has been the case in the previous four species considered in this
blog series.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b) Flowers
male or female with male flowers and female flowers occurring on the same
plant. This is called <span style="color: red;">monoecious</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c) Flowers
male or female with male flowers and female flowers occurring on different
individual plants. This is called <span style="color: red;">dioecious</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There may in some cases be a mix of hermaphrodite flowers
and single sexed flowers on the same plant or other combinations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zjdtsqCRdaA/WNb3nEUAKLI/AAAAAAAAARo/Jsob9Z1BclcWvpehTRx-xyZ7AlxnX0G4gCEw/s1600/Buxus%2Bsempervirens%2Binflorescences.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zjdtsqCRdaA/WNb3nEUAKLI/AAAAAAAAARo/Jsob9Z1BclcWvpehTRx-xyZ7AlxnX0G4gCEw/s320/Buxus%2Bsempervirens%2Binflorescences.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The flowers in box
are <span style="color: red;">monoecious</span>.
They are in tight groups in the axils of the leaves. Groups of flowers are called <span style="color: red;">inflorescences</span>. The flowers do not have stalks so this
arrangement is called a spike. Because
the flowers are so close together they are in a <span style="color: red;">contracted
spike</span>. The flowers at the base of
each group are male and more conspicuous due to the yellow anthers. Some spikes
(particularly those towards the tip of the flowering shoots) have a female
flower, which is green and has a much chunkier appearance.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IjhaK-GQSXE/WNb3nHswo0I/AAAAAAAAARs/L9PbCuZZVdsPaJ3KYWAUHatHpe2S_ZPhgCEw/s1600/Buxus%2Bsempervirens%2Bmale%2Bflower.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IjhaK-GQSXE/WNb3nHswo0I/AAAAAAAAARs/L9PbCuZZVdsPaJ3KYWAUHatHpe2S_ZPhgCEw/s320/Buxus%2Bsempervirens%2Bmale%2Bflower.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This photograph shows
what you see if all the male flowers from a spike are removed except for
one. There are four stamens with white
filaments and yellow anthers. The
anthers open towards the centre of the flower thus they show introrse
dehiscence. There are four perianth
segments around the base of the stamens and they are free from one
another. In addition there is a small yellow
domed structure in the centre of the flower which is “pretending” to be the
female part of the flower. Because it is
not functional it is termed a <span style="color: red;">pistillode</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dGI2SdeM3lg/WNb3m1Tw9UI/AAAAAAAAARk/qpkXx6kXmT8KSzLGnZqXbZhF3J8TM6-GQCEw/s1600/Buxus%2Bsempervirens%2Bfemale%2Bflower.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dGI2SdeM3lg/WNb3m1Tw9UI/AAAAAAAAARk/qpkXx6kXmT8KSzLGnZqXbZhF3J8TM6-GQCEw/s320/Buxus%2Bsempervirens%2Bfemale%2Bflower.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A dissected out
female flower is photographed here. It
has six perianth segments which are separated from one another around the base and
which lie against the surface of the ovary.
They are green with pale margins.
The ovary is globular with three styles.
The stigmas are flat to concave surfaces on top of the styles. This arrangement implies that there are three
carpels united together each with its own stigma. This is called a <span style="color: red;">syncarpous
ovary</span>. If the ovary is cut
through with a blade it will be found to consist of three sections. </span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nMLFo9fmww0/WNb3nVow-OI/AAAAAAAAARw/2p-MiX1-XVwu8tpObBYyaskWh2YhVhv7gCEw/s1600/Buxus%2Bsempervirens%2Bovary%2Bts.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nMLFo9fmww0/WNb3nVow-OI/AAAAAAAAARw/2p-MiX1-XVwu8tpObBYyaskWh2YhVhv7gCEw/s200/Buxus%2Bsempervirens%2Bovary%2Bts.jpg" width="194" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Each section contains two ovules side by side
which are attached at the top of the ovary.
The surface between the styles is slightly domed and has a sheen - it
produces nectar and is called an <span style="color: red;">interstylar nectary</span>. After fertilisation the ovary swells and
becomes woody, retaining the styles which then appear as horns. These are seen in the top photograph.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The floral formula of the flowers is<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZB2qtqwbQx8/WNb3mlSwr7I/AAAAAAAAARg/svGZV47d4akqSEaKs7Eqm6t9FaQ4nai5wCEw/s1600/Buxus%2Bsempervirens%2Bfloral%2Bformulae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="70" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZB2qtqwbQx8/WNb3mlSwr7I/AAAAAAAAARg/svGZV47d4akqSEaKs7Eqm6t9FaQ4nai5wCEw/s320/Buxus%2Bsempervirens%2Bfloral%2Bformulae.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In shorthand this would be written. Flowers unisexual. Male flowers with four free perianth segments
and four anthers. Female flowers with
six free perianth segments and three fused carpels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The other species of family Buxaceae you are likely to find
is <i>Pachysandra terminalis</i> which is
widely planted as a ground cover plant.
It also flowers in the spring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-20670023157832077562017-03-22T14:40:00.000-07:002017-03-22T14:40:01.576-07:00Forsythia x intermedia - introducing Oleaceae (the olive family)<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The yellow flowers of </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Forsythia
</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">are a familiar sight in gardens in the spring.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The garden form is a result of crossing the
Japanese species </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Forsythia suspensa</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
and </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Forsythia viridissima</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> repeatedly
over the last 120 years or so.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hybrids
are given the genus name followed by a letter x to represent it is a cross
between two or more species and are given a hybrid name.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Forsythia</i> is named
after William Forsyth, a Scottish botanist who managed the gardens at
Kensington and St James’, London from 1779.</span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LHY4bTbyXyA/WNLtjJHGXKI/AAAAAAAAAQ8/-P1v25Zr0QADK7GYF0PCw1CXDz5kRH4BACLcB/s1600/Forsythia%2Bflower%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Btop.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LHY4bTbyXyA/WNLtjJHGXKI/AAAAAAAAAQ8/-P1v25Zr0QADK7GYF0PCw1CXDz5kRH4BACLcB/s320/Forsythia%2Bflower%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Btop.JPG" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The flower has four
green sepals which are joined towards the base, forming a cup. These make up the <span style="color: red;">calyx</span>
which is said to be <span style="color: red;">gamosepalous </span>as the sepals
are joined. The <span style="color: red;">corolla
</span>is bright yellow and is divided beyond half way into four lobes. The
lobes of the corolla are joined at the base so the flower is called <span style="color: red;">gamopetalous</span>. The united part of the corolla forms a
cup-shaped structure. The veins running
into the corolla lobes are coloured towards the base. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-86DkbxzEtVA/WNLti7i54AI/AAAAAAAAARA/Sk2ZUZZCvRoUygd3Cc90L5xK7fVwse9UgCEw/s1600/Forsythia%2Bflower%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bside.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-86DkbxzEtVA/WNLti7i54AI/AAAAAAAAARA/Sk2ZUZZCvRoUygd3Cc90L5xK7fVwse9UgCEw/s320/Forsythia%2Bflower%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bside.JPG" width="320" /></a><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pcD4SqpU1TM/WNLti0uWVeI/AAAAAAAAAQ4/4nkzYyjjsdo4nLryf9Sin4zpw7mQbfoHgCEw/s1600/Forsythia%2Bflower%2Bwith%2Bone%2Bcorolla%2Blobe%2Bremoved%2Bcloser.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pcD4SqpU1TM/WNLti0uWVeI/AAAAAAAAAQ4/4nkzYyjjsdo4nLryf9Sin4zpw7mQbfoHgCEw/s320/Forsythia%2Bflower%2Bwith%2Bone%2Bcorolla%2Blobe%2Bremoved%2Bcloser.JPG" width="213" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the centre of the flower are two short stamens. The filaments are attached to the corolla
near the base, in line with a cleft between two of the lobes - they are termed <span style="color: red;">epipetalous</span>. The filaments are attached to the base of
the anthers - they are <span style="color: red;">basifixed</span>. The anthers open to expose the pollen
outwards (<span style="color: red;">extrorse</span>). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There is a single
ovary which sits adjacent to the base of the filaments and the corolla, so the
ovary is <span style="color: red;">superior</span> and the flower is <span style="color: red;">hypogynous</span>. Attached to the top of the ovary is a
single style. At the top of the style is
a stigma which is divided into two rounded lobes. If the ovary is cut across with a blade it is
found to be formed of two hollows (<span style="color: red;">bilocular</span>) each
containing a number of <span style="color: red;">ovules</span> which are attached
to the top of the ovary - <span style="color: red;">apical pendulous ovules</span>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Also in family Oleaceae in Britain are the native ash tree (<i>Fraxinus</i>) and privet (<i>Ligustrum</i>) along with cultivated species
of privet, jasmine (<i>Jasminum</i>) and
lilac (<i>Syringa</i>). All of these have only two stamens, four
sepals, fused towards the base and leaves that are opposite one another.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>Introducing the floral formula</u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">floral formula </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">is a
shorthand way of indicating the structure of a flower using simple
notation.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--ZWbFsQBzw0/WNLulGkCL7I/AAAAAAAAARI/VvABIeG-7vgkAmeGk06y9GunVvTjvfA4QCLcB/s1600/Oleaceae%2Bflora%2Bformula.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--ZWbFsQBzw0/WNLulGkCL7I/AAAAAAAAARI/VvABIeG-7vgkAmeGk06y9GunVvTjvfA4QCLcB/s320/Oleaceae%2Bflora%2Bformula.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the formula above for
Oleaceae, the sex sign on the left indicates that the flowers have both male
and female parts.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ca with an encircled 4
shows the calyx is made of 4 lobes, joined at the base.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Co with an encircled 4 shows the corolla is
also made of 4 lobes joined at the base.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The G with an encircled two shows the gynoecium is formed of two locules
that are joined together into a single structure with one style and stigma.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The A with the two shows there are two
anthers that are separate from one another.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is underlined and placed above the corolla showing they are
attached to the corolla.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Finally the
calyx, corolla and gynoecium are all underlined showing they are all attached
at the same level, indicating the ovary is superior.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In botanical speak this would be written: Flowers
hermaphrodite. Calyx gamosepalous,
four-lobed. Corolla gamopetalous,
four-lobed. Anthers two, epipetalous. Gynoecium with two united carpels, superior.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-51952794013259811262017-03-14T13:48:00.002-07:002017-03-22T14:28:59.676-07:00Prunus spinosa - a member of family Rosaceae<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When the blackthorn is in bloom, spring is definitely
heralded, preceding by a couple of weeks the more showy blossoms of the
cultivated cherries (also genus <i>Prunus</i>)
in towns. My previous two studies have
been of families of monocotyledons and so a change to a dicotyledonous family
is due as I explain more botanical terms in a straightforward way.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TGcvxRC_Ark/WMhVhpGBxjI/AAAAAAAAAQg/CcfpbdFMxcAnGiks5iw3IS6kSrFLZ2CwACEw/s1600/Prunus%2Bspinosa%2Bflower%2Bthorny%2Bshoot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TGcvxRC_Ark/WMhVhpGBxjI/AAAAAAAAAQg/CcfpbdFMxcAnGiks5iw3IS6kSrFLZ2CwACEw/s320/Prunus%2Bspinosa%2Bflower%2Bthorny%2Bshoot.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Prunus</i> is the Latin word for plum tree, while <i>spinosa</i> refers to the spines that are present. These spines are often quite difficult to
find, but you can find shoots that have long spines extending from the dark
brown to black woody shoots. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The flowers open before the leaves in the spring, but the
flowering period is quite long so in a few weeks there will still be flowers
along with leaves on the shoots. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p2vaxdk6Xi4/WMhVhf-CczI/AAAAAAAAAQg/h4ARtvm7XI4mNIFt7OhN6FTN_dJgJceRwCEw/s1600/Prunus%2Bspinosa%2Bflower%2Bfrom%2Btop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /><img border="0" height="231" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p2vaxdk6Xi4/WMhVhf-CczI/AAAAAAAAAQg/h4ARtvm7XI4mNIFt7OhN6FTN_dJgJceRwCEw/s320/Prunus%2Bspinosa%2Bflower%2Bfrom%2Btop.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The flowers of the blackthorn are produced on the previous
years’ shoots and arise very close to the main stems on short side shoots. These shoots have a bud at the tip which
opens to reveal leaves (<span style="color: red;">vegetative bud</span>) and the
flowers arise from the base of the bud.
There may be one, two or three arise from the same level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WY_sH0mj2Rs/WMhVhXdaapI/AAAAAAAAAQg/OvOT4p5FtL8RIdMbSn9PI_7TlGw50pCVACEw/s1600/Prunus%2Bspinosa%2Bflower%2Bfrom%2Bside.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WY_sH0mj2Rs/WMhVhXdaapI/AAAAAAAAAQg/OvOT4p5FtL8RIdMbSn9PI_7TlGw50pCVACEw/s320/Prunus%2Bspinosa%2Bflower%2Bfrom%2Bside.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There are five white <span style="color: red;">sepals</span>
at the end of the <span style="color: red;">pedicel </span>(flower stalk) and
five white <span style="color: red;">petals</span>. These are called sepals and
petals because they differ greatly in structure and colour. The five sepals together are collectively
called the <span style="color: red;">calyx </span>and the five petals together
are the <span style="color: red;">corolla</span>.
The sepals are not attached to one another and are described as being <span style="color: red;">free</span>. The same is true for the petals. There are 20-25 <span style="color: red;">stamens</span>
and these consist of long white <span style="color: red;">filaments</span> and
small yellow <span style="color: red;">anthers</span>, turning orange and then
brown. In the centre of the flower is a
single green style with a single yellow stigma.
The stigma is rounded (termed <span style="color: red;">capitate</span>).
In between the base of the filaments and the style is a glistening area which
is an indication of <span style="color: red;">nectar</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LdlPjK-0SoM/WMhVhG-E9PI/AAAAAAAAAQg/tbp1fXHnsFUtLN0ZPr0-80ErYSGZIjnhACEw/s1600/Prunus%2Bspinosa%2Bflower%2Bdissected.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LdlPjK-0SoM/WMhVhG-E9PI/AAAAAAAAAQg/tbp1fXHnsFUtLN0ZPr0-80ErYSGZIjnhACEw/s320/Prunus%2Bspinosa%2Bflower%2Bdissected.jpg" width="251" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If the flower is cut
in half with a blade it becomes clear that the sepals, petals and stamens are
all attached to the top of a cup-shaped structure which has the ovary attached
at its base. This structure is called
the <span style="color: red;">receptacle</span>. In other flowers this may be
flat or of other forms but this cup-shape is quite common in the rose
family. The colour of this cup shape is
golden and glistening and has glands on the surface producing nectar; it is described
as being a <span style="color: red;">nectariferous disc</span>. The stamens, petals and sepals aren’t
attached to the top of the ovary or below the ovary, but rather on the rim
around it. This arrangement is called <span style="color: red;">perigynous </span>(peri = around; gynous = female parts). The ovary however is described as being <span style="color: red;">superior</span> as it is itself attached to the base of the
receptacle. If it is cut across, it can
be seen there are two <span style="color: red;">ovules </span>in the ovary. They are attached to the top of the ovary and
are said to be <span style="color: red;">pendulous</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-teqjZ2lS8ic/WMhWNCn4d7I/AAAAAAAAAQk/CRnQOSq8U6AT-valhPyY0HN4dkXF_JZ5wCEw/s1600/Prunus%2Bspinosa%2Bsloes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-teqjZ2lS8ic/WMhWNCn4d7I/AAAAAAAAAQk/CRnQOSq8U6AT-valhPyY0HN4dkXF_JZ5wCEw/s320/Prunus%2Bspinosa%2Bsloes.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After fertilisation
one of the ovules aborts and the ovary swells into a spherical fleshy fruit
containing a single stony seed. A fleshy
fruit of this type with a hard stone in the middle is called a <span style="color: red;">drupe</span>. The fruit matures from green to dark blue with
a whitish “bloom” that comes off when rubbed with a finger. These are the
familiar sloes, collected for jam and gin.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-60843448014342473662017-03-12T17:08:00.000-07:002017-03-13T03:14:56.238-07:00Crocus verna - an example of a species of family Iridaceae<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The flowers of crocuses appears to come straight out of the
ground and this is indeed the case. The ovary of the flower is actually below
ground level at flowering time and unless you pull the flower up to include at
least some of the below-ground structure you will probably miss the ovary
altogether - ensure you only do this on crocuses from your own garden or if you
have permission to do so. <i>Crocus verna </i>is probably the commonest crocus grown in Britain, abundant in gardens. It comes in a variety of colours, mostly purples and whites.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The genus name <i>Crocus</i>
probably comes from ancient words for saffron.
One species is cultivated to produce saffron from the stigmas. The species name <i>verna</i> is Latin for spring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The leaves are long and narrow and the flower parts are in threes, indicating this is a <span style="color: red;">monocotyledonous
plant</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rI7S3vWGZ0E/WMXfMzhQbGI/AAAAAAAAAQA/3Q5PKHGzHIo1xJpV5lrDOGa7NbxQCitYQCEw/s1600/Crocus%2Bverna%2Boverview.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rI7S3vWGZ0E/WMXfMzhQbGI/AAAAAAAAAQA/3Q5PKHGzHIo1xJpV5lrDOGa7NbxQCitYQCEw/s320/Crocus%2Bverna%2Boverview.jpg" width="283" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There are six <span style="color: red;">perianth segments </span>(not called petals because they are
all similar and in two whorls) and these taper at their base and all combine to
form a very long <span style="color: red;">perianth tube </span>which continues
below the level of the soil. This situation where the perianth segments are united
at the base is <span style="color: red;">gamophyllous</span>. The perianth tube
is surrounded by a papery <span style="color: red;">bract </span>and there is a
further bract below this which surrounds the perianth tube and the base of the
leaves. Both of these bracts are attached to the stem below the level of the
ovary. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0oMRGLmX6jM/WMXfMTltotI/AAAAAAAAAP0/IdaZvCyl6r8WcIKsE1Kv20vefk9cSKoIwCEw/s1600/Crocus%2Bverna%2Bflower%2Bfrom%2Babove.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0oMRGLmX6jM/WMXfMTltotI/AAAAAAAAAP0/IdaZvCyl6r8WcIKsE1Kv20vefk9cSKoIwCEw/s320/Crocus%2Bverna%2Bflower%2Bfrom%2Babove.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The flowers open
during the day and close at night. When open the division into three outer
perianth segments and three inner ones is clear. Inside the bright orange <span style="color: red;">stigma </span>is divided into three main lobes which are
themselves irregularly lobed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xiS3ogx__Hs/WMXfMZ2NiCI/AAAAAAAAAP4/712sEj3DBqoiJoSsaJlAS_RPs0JRwU5rACEw/s1600/Crocus%2Bverna%2Bflower%2Bsectioned.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xiS3ogx__Hs/WMXfMZ2NiCI/AAAAAAAAAP4/712sEj3DBqoiJoSsaJlAS_RPs0JRwU5rACEw/s320/Crocus%2Bverna%2Bflower%2Bsectioned.jpg" width="214" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Stripping back a couple of the perianth segments reveals
some of the flower parts. There are three yellow <span style="color: red;">anthers
</span>which are long and pointed, attached at the base to white <span style="color: red;">filaments</span>. The anthers are therefore <span style="color: red;">basifixed</span>. The anthers and the filaments together are
called the <span style="color: red;">stamens</span>. Pulling back the perianth segments
further reveals that the stamens are attached to the base of three of the
perianth segments. In this case the stamens are said to be <span style="color: red;">epiphyllous</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mTT_vlc4ULk/WMXfM1-auLI/AAAAAAAAAP8/BRWgK1XS49wHgb7yJkeIB0uzm-27E3YGgCEw/s1600/Crocus%2Bverna%2Bflower%2Bstamens.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mTT_vlc4ULk/WMXfM1-auLI/AAAAAAAAAP8/BRWgK1XS49wHgb7yJkeIB0uzm-27E3YGgCEw/s320/Crocus%2Bverna%2Bflower%2Bstamens.jpg" width="192" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The anthers are</span> divided into two sections, each one called a
<span style="color: red;">theca</span>. To release the pollen they split from
base to tip towards the centre of the flower. The splitting of the anthers is
termed dehiscence and this type of splitting is called <span style="color: red;">longitudinal
dehiscence</span>. Splitting on the side towards the centre of the flower is
called <span style="color: red;">extrorse dehiscence</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gYS2uVh2p3M/WMXfH6sXKjI/AAAAAAAAAPs/KFFYE59O8vwmeeonbDsdhE_H7EeieE4YACEw/s1600/Crocus%2Bverna%2Bflower%2Bexposed%2Bovary.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gYS2uVh2p3M/WMXfH6sXKjI/AAAAAAAAAPs/KFFYE59O8vwmeeonbDsdhE_H7EeieE4YACEw/s320/Crocus%2Bverna%2Bflower%2Bexposed%2Bovary.jpg" width="182" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If the two bracts and
several of the perianth segments are pulled back right down the perianth tube,
the <span style="color: red;">ovary </span>is revealed. The stalk below the ovary
is called the <span style="color: red;">pedicel</span> and this is the name given
to the stalk of any individual flower.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ohzJP1MIn9w/WMXfMQEmmyI/AAAAAAAAAPw/xiC4YHIcPUoYuvT_WifaOAHGuNzbvK62wCEw/s1600/Crocus%2Bverna%2Bflower%2Bovary%2Bsectioned.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="209" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ohzJP1MIn9w/WMXfMQEmmyI/AAAAAAAAAPw/xiC4YHIcPUoYuvT_WifaOAHGuNzbvK62wCEw/s320/Crocus%2Bverna%2Bflower%2Bovary%2Bsectioned.jpg" width="320" /></a><o:p><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If the ovary is cut using a blade it is found to be made of
three hollow sections (<span style="color: red;">locules</span>) packed with
ovules. If an ovary has three locules is it called <span style="color: red;">trilocular</span>.
The ovules are attached to the central axis of the ovary by a stalk (the <span style="color: red;">placenta</span>). The point of attachment of the placentas is
described as the placentation and in this case we have <span style="color: red;">axile
placentation</span>. There are tiny circles visible in the wall of the ovary and these are the <span style="color: red;">vascular bundles</span>. There is one of these where the wall dividing the locules reaches the ovary wall and another around half way round the locule.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The following combination of characters will identify a
plant to family Iridaceae:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">long thin leaves</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">perianth segments all similar in two whorls of three</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">three stamens</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">style appearing single with three stigmas </span></li>
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Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-5041519427830509472017-03-10T15:43:00.000-08:002017-03-27T16:05:55.838-07:00The snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) an introduction to family Amaryllidaceae<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Getting into botany requires learning a lot of new
terminology and this can be daunting for the beginner. It is best to learn by actually looking at examples of
different flower families and that can be done using common <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">species <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">that can be found in the average garden</span></span>. All you need for this one is a hand lens and a sharp blade<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The scientific name of the snowdrops (<i>Galanthus</i>) is derived from the Greek <i>gala</i> meaning milk and <i>anthos </i>meaning
flower. The species name (<i>nivalis</i>) is Latin for snow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The flowering plants are divided into two large groups, the <span style="color: red;">monocotyledons</span> and the dicotyledons, referring to the
number of first leaves that emerge from the seed when a plant germinates. This isn’t a helpful distinction to identify
flowers but there are a number of clues that can be seen in the snowdrop that
indicate they are monocotyledons. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-v5zVI5I37a0/WMM1pdvrjcI/AAAAAAAAAPI/--Wz4pW3xVY55LzapRrd_uzlHzb8oKT1gCLcB/s1600/Galanthus%2Bnivalis%2Bleaf%2B02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="122" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-v5zVI5I37a0/WMM1pdvrjcI/AAAAAAAAAPI/--Wz4pW3xVY55LzapRrd_uzlHzb8oKT1gCLcB/s200/Galanthus%2Bnivalis%2Bleaf%2B02.jpg" width="200" /></a>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;">the veins of the leaf
are parallel to one another and the leaves are long and thin</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">the flower parts are in multiples of three</span></li>
</span></ul>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZICMAR49WLw/WMM11XaXTCI/AAAAAAAAAPM/24ut1nF4Xhk1WifEviH7ar094GxHuilZQCLcB/s1600/Galanthus%2Bnivalis%2Bwhole%2Bflower%2Blabelled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="297" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZICMAR49WLw/WMM11XaXTCI/AAAAAAAAAPM/24ut1nF4Xhk1WifEviH7ar094GxHuilZQCLcB/s320/Galanthus%2Bnivalis%2Bwhole%2Bflower%2Blabelled.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The snowdrop flower
consists of six white sections that one might call petals - three of them
longer and rounded at the tips and three shorter ones with a notch at the end
outlined in green. In this case the
botanical term <span style="color: red;">perianth segment </span>is used because
you can’t tell whether they are petals or sepals. There
are three longer <span style="color: red;">outer perianth segments </span>and three
shorter <span style="color: red;">inner perianth segments</span>, forming two
whorls. The perianth segments are
attached to the end of the <span style="color: red;">ovary</span> which is
obvious and green. This flower is
described as having an <span style="color: red;">inferior ovary </span>(rather
than superior or half-inferior).
Unfortunately botanists also use another term for the same thing, calling
the flower <span style="color: red;">epigynous</span> (epi = on top of; gynous =
female parts). Both terms refer to the ovary being underneath the other parts of the flower. Inferior emphasises the position of the ovary below the other parts and epigynous emphasises that the other parts of the flower are on top of the ovary. When in bud the flower is enclosed in a
single leaf-like structure termed a <span style="color: red;">spathe</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-05TrQmSvoDQ/WMM2FfeYGeI/AAAAAAAAAPQ/MOyrbnOaB4YtAz5vo0h8RB7dsSnJDhUSwCLcB/s1600/Galanthus%2Bnivalis%2Bflower%2Bpartly%2Bdissected%2Blabelled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-05TrQmSvoDQ/WMM2FfeYGeI/AAAAAAAAAPQ/MOyrbnOaB4YtAz5vo0h8RB7dsSnJDhUSwCLcB/s320/Galanthus%2Bnivalis%2Bflower%2Bpartly%2Bdissected%2Blabelled.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If the outer perianth segments are removed along with one of
the inner perianth segments and one of the stamens, the other parts of the
flower are visible. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">From the centre of the <span style="color: red;">ovary </span>there
is a narrow green <span style="color: red;">style </span>with the tip hardly
differing in structure, termed the <span style="color: red;">stigma</span>. These three structures make up the female
parts of the flower and are collectively called the <span style="color: red;">gynoecium</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Around the style there are six <span style="color: red;">stamens</span>. The stamens are made of a thin white <span style="color: red;">filament</span> which is attached to the base of an orange <span style="color: red;">anther </span>which tapers to a point. The anthers contain the pollen which can be
seen in the photograph, staining the inside of one of the perianth segments and
the stigma. The stamens (anthers +
filaments) are the male parts of the flower and are collectively called the <span style="color: red;">androecium</span>. The
position on the anther where the filaments attach is important. In this case they are attached to the base of
the anther so they are termed <span style="color: red;">basifixed</span>. How the anthers open is also important - the
opening of the anthers to release the pollen is called <span style="color: red;">dehiscence</span>. Here the anthers open by a slit which opens
towards the centre of the flower and this condition is called <span style="color: red;">introrse dehiscence</span>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-obgZt2-KXXg/WMM2ZYpWLYI/AAAAAAAAAPY/ZDR9tXT-YNcNaINAF8jvPDxyYlW1uy0jgCLcB/s1600/Galanthus%2Bnivalis%2Bflower%2Bovary%2Bdissected%2Blabelled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-obgZt2-KXXg/WMM2ZYpWLYI/AAAAAAAAAPY/ZDR9tXT-YNcNaINAF8jvPDxyYlW1uy0jgCLcB/s320/Galanthus%2Bnivalis%2Bflower%2Bovary%2Bdissected%2Blabelled.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If you cut the ovary
through lengthways using a blade the internal structure can be seen. The outside wall encloses hollow sections
which are called <span style="color: red;">locules</span>. These are packed with white <span style="color: red;">ovules</span> which are attached to the central axis of the
ovary. If the ovary is cut across it can
be seen there are three locules. After
the ovules are fertilised they become the <span style="color: red;">seeds</span>
and the ovary becomes the <span style="color: red;">fruit</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The snowdrop is placed with other genera in family <span style="color: red;"><b>Amaryllidaceae</b></span> which share the following features</span></o:p></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">perianth in two whorls of three rather similar segments, both coloured rather than green</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">flowers containing both male and female parts</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ovary inferior / flower epigynous</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">six stamens</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">narrow leaves</span></li>
</ul>
Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-76777200711054725842016-10-30T01:46:00.002-07:002016-10-31T02:44:28.474-07:00keys updated<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The new edition of The Coleopterist arrived yesterday and this as usual gave reports of beetle species new to Britain. These were in families Staphylinidae, Chrysomelidae and Laemophloeidae. These species have now bwen added to the relevant keys and published on the website. Hopefully this should enable other workers to identify these species so an assessment of their level pf establishment in the UK can be made.</span>Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-88321676043156148892016-10-28T02:40:00.000-07:002016-10-28T02:59:14.928-07:00Value of the extra pixils<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Came across a ground beetle in an empty food storage box in the kitchen a couple of weeks ago - no idea how it had got there. Using my carabid to genus key it came to genus <i>Bradycellus</i>. I could see the shape of the mentum (a rectangular structure under the head forming a lower lip for the mouth-parts) with the microscope so I thought I'd try to photograph it. I was disappointed with the result using my Canon EOS 40D with a MP-E 65 mm macro lens at full zoom - it didn't seem to resolve the detail or in particular show the tooth at the front edge of the mentum. I knew the camera was 6 megapixils so wondered what increasing that would do. So off to the camera shop and return with an 18 megapixil Canon EOS 100D and me oh my what a difference.</span><br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zNDc_hEUgxk/WBMYQtusTnI/AAAAAAAAAOY/nWbvN8sdd4MabUYwBPw8ZqAdHF6Npb2ugCLcB/s1600/Bradycellus%2Bverbasci%2Bcomparison.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zNDc_hEUgxk/WBMYQtusTnI/AAAAAAAAAOY/nWbvN8sdd4MabUYwBPw8ZqAdHF6Npb2ugCLcB/s320/Bradycellus%2Bverbasci%2Bcomparison.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The image on the left shows the 6MP version and that on the right the 18MP one. It is much clearer on my computer of course as the image has lost resolution dropping it here. I can see the microscopic surface texture of the underside of the head and prosternum and the mentum (the structure between the base of the antennae) is much clearer including the tiny central tooth. I've placed two other photos of the beetle in my <i>Bradycellus </i>key online.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To the mystery of how it ended up in a kitchen storage box. The beetle keys to <i>Bradycellus verbasci</i>, a common species with over 1600 records on the National Biodiversity Network site including our grid square. My notes say that it is attracted to light so it must have come inside during the late summer and accidentally got stuck in the cupboard.</span>Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-79027608042265169692016-05-09T15:30:00.005-07:002016-10-25T08:03:01.693-07:00Myosurus minimus at last<head>
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<p>I have tried to find the mousetail (<i>Myosurus minimus</i>) on two occasions so far. Last year I tried a location near Hartley Wintney and couldn't find it. This year I tried a known site near Plastow Green but may have been too early.<br />
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On a walk with the grandchildren from North Warnborough to Odiham along the canal and back on a footpath across the fields we came across a water trough in the middle of an area of pasture which had been well trodden by cattle the previous autumn. I had walked through this field last summer and had considered it suitable habitat for the mousetail. I was delighted to find not one but hundreds of plants in an area about 15 metres by 15 metres. Although inconspicuous, once you got your eye in the grandchildren were well able to spot the plants.<br /><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Myosurus minimus</i> near North Warnborough</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">My granddaughter also spotted a bug crossing the path which turned out to be the first time I'd seen a member of family Cydnidae. Identification to family is straightforward with the spines along the legs. I decided to produce a key for this family which is now published here </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeyshymenoptera/Home/hemiptera/key-to-the-british-species-of-family-cydnidae. The species was one of the commoner ones in the family, <i>Legnotus limbosus</i>, associated with bedstraws. The closest of these was in the nearby hedge.</span><br /><br />
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</body>Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-3240781855292689312016-02-27T16:39:00.002-08:002016-10-25T08:00:33.232-07:00Key to the British species of Malachiidae (Coleoptera) published<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Uploaded a key to the British species of the malachite beetles (Malachiidae) today, translated from the German and made specific to the British fauna. It is published here: https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeys/Home/keys-to-coleoptera/key-for-the-identification-of-british-malachiidae. There are a few very common species in this family but many rare ones. Most of the species are illustrated but if you have a photograph of any that are missing and are happy for me to include them then please let me know. If you use the key please let me know if you have suggestions for improvements or if you find anything that doesn't work properly etc. Contact me on mikesinsectkeysATgmail.com (obviously the AT is an @)</span>Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-9406239586645285882016-02-25T14:05:00.001-08:002016-10-25T08:03:58.768-07:00Keys to Cantharidae and Ptiliidae<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I've recently improved the keys to Cantharidae and posted them on the website at https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeys/Home/keys-to-coleoptera/cantharidae. Using these you should be able to have a go at identifying any British species in the male sex. The species of one of the genera (<i>Malthodes</i>) are very similar but have very good characters in males. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I have also made adjustments to the key to Chrysomelinae to accommodate <i>Paropsisterna selmani </i>- a pest of <i>Eucalyptus</i> which has fairly recently been found in Great Britain.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The members of family Ptiliidae are mostly very small and include our smallest species, the recently discovered <i>Baranowskiella ehnstromi</i>. The key posted at https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeys/Home/keys-to-coleoptera/keys-for-the-identification-of-british-ptiliidae should allow you to get some way with identification but you will certainly need a good microscope with good lighting. Happy identifying and do let me know how you get on - positive or negative points. </span>Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-20817567612515756342016-02-20T15:54:00.001-08:002016-02-20T15:54:34.250-08:00Staphylinidae workshop<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Went today to Dinton Pastures to study Staphylinidae with like-minded coleopterists and general entomologists wanting to get to grips with a challenging group. Studying specimens and comments made in the introduction to the day have resulted in a couple of amendments to the Staphylinidae keys on the website which are indicated by today's date. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Peter Hodge kindly drew my attention to an error in the Cryptocephalinae key (Chrysomelidae) in that I had illustrated a couplet 8 under <i>Cryptocephalus </i>showing colour forms that only occurred on the continent. This has now been amended with a new version published and illustrations of the male aedeagus included which are an important feature in separating <i>Cryptocephalus bipunctatus</i> and <i>C. biguttatus</i>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">At the meeting I found that a number of people were using the keys on the website so I made requests for feedback of the kind and quality that Peter offered.</span>Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-60820892325688065072016-02-08T15:25:00.000-08:002016-02-08T15:25:01.585-08:00Ormyridae (Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera) and Histeridae (Coleoptera)<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><u>Ormyridae</u> (Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera)</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Having discovered a paper written by Zerova & Seryogina (2005) entitled Review of Palearctic Ormyridae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) with description of two new species I decided to produce an illustrated key just for our four species. Having done this I sought the permission of one of the authors (M.D.Zarova) to publish this on my website and she was happy for me to do so. So if you have some specimens of this family do have a go with the key, published at https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeyshymenoptera/Home/hymenoptera/apocrita-parasitica/keys-to-superfamily-chalcidoidea.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Histeridae (Coleoptera)</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While checking the identification of some other beetles for a research project in Ireland I had a bit of time left so looked over the specimens of Histeridae curated by the Hampshire Cultural Trust's entomology department at Winchester. This resulted in my being able to clarify some of the couplets in the Histeridae key so this has been updated.</span><br />
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<br />Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-84153249366253226642016-01-29T11:40:00.003-08:002016-01-29T11:40:45.972-08:00New key to Aleocharinae published<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Just posted a key to genus of subfamily Aleocharinae in the Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). This is a large subfamily of the rove beetles which is often neglected by entomologists and I hope that this key may spark some interest. You will find it at https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeys/Home/keys-to-coleoptera/staphylinidae.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Off to Dinton Pastures tomorrow for a day identifying Tachinidae (Diptera). Should be good as I love learning from entomologists who know so much more than me.</span>Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-86792884756672785252016-01-26T15:52:00.002-08:002016-01-26T15:54:32.231-08:00New key to genus Cryptophagus published<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I've just completed my translation and adaptation of a key for the British species of genus <i>Cryptophagus</i>. This genus has a reputation amongst beetle-specialists of being one of the most difficult in our fauna. If you experience any success with it or find that it fails at certain points please let me know. You'll find the key at <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeys/Home/keys-to-coleoptera/cryptophagidae">https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeys/Home/keys-to-coleoptera/cryptophagidae</a>.</span>Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-52521939767848990832016-01-26T10:19:00.002-08:002016-01-26T11:11:29.206-08:00Reorganisation of the web site<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">One of these days I'll shell out some cash and buy my own web space for my online keys. As for now I'll stick on Google sites which gives me about 100MB of storage per site. I have now got to the limit again so I have carved up the keys into their orders as follows</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Still at the original site </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 107%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeys/" style="line-height: 107%;">https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeys/</a>. I am working on some other family keys at the moment and on keys from order to family to access the rest of the site.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">These are published at </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 107%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeys2" style="line-height: 107%;">https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeys2</a>. The keys here will be increased over time. This was the order in which my interest in entomology started. I have keys at home for all British families but have published relatively few.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 107%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Keys to hymenoptera (bees and wasps) and other orders</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 107%; text-decoration: none;">Now published at </span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 107%; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeyshymenoptera/" style="line-height: 107%;">https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeyshymenoptera/</a>. I have done some work on some families of superfamily Chalcidoidea and on sawflies.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 107%; text-decoration: none;">I am sorry that this is not at all ideal but until I buy my own web space this is how it will need to be.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 107%; text-decoration: none;">Many thanks to those of you that have given me feedback. Many have said they are finding the keys useful but I'd really love to have specific points so that the keys can be improved. I have described the keys as working documents so whenever things are pointed out I update the key and republish it.</span></span><br />
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Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-72811709546611523242016-01-01T04:57:00.002-08:002016-01-01T04:57:38.702-08:00Key to the beetle family Ptinidae published<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After a long gap in my postings I thought I would restart with the new year. Over the last couple of months I've been working on a key for the beetle family Ptinidae. This has involved translating keys from the German and researching some of the species recently introduced to the British list not included in the German keys. The last thing was translating some descriptions from the Latin and Spanish which are added as appendices to the main key. If you find the key useful then please let me know so I can improve it. The key is published at https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeys/Home/keys-to-coleoptera/key-to-the-british-species-of-family-ptinidae.</span>Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-8362407276120597922014-12-20T04:56:00.000-08:002014-12-20T04:56:21.101-08:00Latest keys published<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Here is a list of the new keys that have been published on my website. These have appeared in late November and during December.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>New beetle keys </b>enabling the identification of a further 125 species</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Attelabidae - 2 species of a type of weevil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Lampyridae - 3 species (glow-worms)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Latridiidae - 56
species (</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">minute brown scavenger beetles)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Monotomidae 23 species (root-eating beetles) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Mordellidae 17 species (tumbling flower beetles)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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species of a type of weevil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Tetratomidae 4 species (polypore fungus beetles)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Ulidiidae 20 species of picture-winged flies</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As usual if you find that they work, please let me know. If you find any problems, such as terms used that are not explained or things that are unclear, again please let me know.</span></div>
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Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8190560265119526224.post-16826966018059030442014-11-09T13:46:00.000-08:002014-11-09T13:46:02.829-08:00Dysdera crocata<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Being called to the downstairs toilet to remove a spider, I found a species I hadn't seen before. Keying it through to family Dysderidae was very straightforward using the AIDGAP key to the families of British Families by Jones-Walters (1989), combining the six eyes with the long basal segment of the fangs (chelicerae). The size of the male at 10 mm. and the detail of the palps led easily <em>to Dysdera crocata</em>. It was difficult to photograph as I had to do a stack and it wouldn't always keep its legs still. In addition it had to be taken through glass as I had given my word that it would not escape. The image below was the best I could do. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It will be released in the strawberry bed as its prey is predominantly woodlice and they are a bit of a problem there.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Those of you who are keen on identifying ground beetles may be interested that I have added a few more genus keys at <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeys/Home/keys-to-coleoptera/carabidae">https://sites.google.com/site/mikesinsectkeys/Home/keys-to-coleoptera/carabidae</a>. I would like to get these finished some time soon. </span>Mike Hackstonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09043325084015357726noreply@blogger.com0